Like anyone who studied physics at school or college I knew the concept of entropy, but I only found out this week that Linux systems have their own version of the phenomenon.
I was setting up an RPM repository and wanted to create a GPG key for signing the repository files. Near the end of the key setup, I got this message:
Not enough random bytes available. Please do some other work to give
the OS a chance to collect more entropy! (Need 276 more bytes)
Entropy, eh ? Well, according to the physics I remember, the entropy of the universe is continually increasing; however; it turns out that a Linux system doesn't classify as its own universe and its entropy can go up and down, as evidenced by:
watch cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
I could see the entropy value merrily going up and down between near zero and a couple of thousand, seemingly at random. After watching in fascination for a while, I developed the theory that the universe must comprise all of the Linux machines anywhere, merrily swapping their entropy bytes in some vast, complex dance which mere mortals cannot contemplate.
Turns out that the reality is a bit more down to earth; Linux calculates entropy by transforming interrupt events - activity from input devices such as the keyboard and mouse, or file system activity.
If you're in front of your system you can just point on the keyboard to generate enough entropy bytes to make your GPG key, but I happened to be working on an Amazon EC2 instance that I was logged into remotely. I managed to get enough randomness in the end by downloading a few large files from external web sites, and running "ls -R /" a couple of times to run through the entire root file system. Even though the entropy_avail value kept going up and down while I was doing this, it turned out that the GPG key generation just kept taking what was available as new bytes, and after 10 minutes or so had enough bytes to finish:
++++++++++.++++++++++>+++++...............>+++++............<.+++++....>.+
++++<.+++++>.+++++..................+++++^^^^^^^^^
gpg: key 2BC5527E marked as ultimately trusted
public and secret key created and signed.
Hopefully this post will help you to avoid one of those "WTF" moments; thanks to Carson Reynolds for providing most of the source material.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
Interesting things can happen when running on a VM. A friend ran into a problem that happened only when run on a VM because it was dependent on NTP. Because timing is not accurate on a VM, NTP had trouble syncing and it could not trust itself, therefore it would rejects requests from NTP clients....
ReplyDeleteOn a parallel theme. The utilisation of what a windows operating system says its doing and what is is actually doing is equivalent to the light / dark matter theory.
ReplyDelete